This video presents three alternative methods that allow the inclusion of observational studies in an network meta-analysis (NMA) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs): the design-adjusted synthesis, the use of observational evidence as prior information and the use of three-level hierarchical models.

The video was recorded in 2016 by Georgia Salanti from Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland, and University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece.